Conflict of Interest-role of Public Utility Board Essay

Irreconcilable circumstance job of Public Utility Board - Essay Example In Case No. 76-6 including the act of offering endowments to outside authorities, the NSPE Board of Ethical Review expressed to a limited extent, â€Å"Even however the training might be lawful and acknowledged in the remote nation, and despite the fact that some may contend on commonsense grounds the United States business organizations ought to ‘go along’ to ensure the occupations of workers in this nation, we can't acknowledge it for proficient administrations. No measure of defense or clarification will change the open response that the profession’s case of setting administration before benefit has been undermined by a training which is repulsive to the essential standards of moral conduct under the laws and customs of this country†¦.we accept that the codes must be perused on this most fundamental purpose of respect and trustworthiness actually, yet in the soul of its motivation â€to maintain the best expectations of the expert. Anything less is just ification which can't stand the trial of setting general society in front of all other considerations† Designers who do think it is satisfactory to utilize an operator abroad to â€Å"do the messy work† in this manner acting like Pontius Pilate and â€Å"washing one’s hands† of the issue, likewise need to understand that they are submitting a lawful offense under the U.S. law and are dependent upon arraignment Insofar as they are U.S. residents, the Federal Corrupt Practice Act concerns them. His remark likewise applies to companies. A U.S. partnership is a resident according to the law. Those organizations participating in pay off can keep away from the law just by surrendering their Q.2. The announcement â€Å"Take off your designing cap and put on your administration hat.† suggests that designer shifts from their polished skill and expect another administration task. This is imperative particularly when the administration has provisos that should be tended to. Designer B is utilized in the building firm and is an individual from BOD in a nearby open utility. As an individual from the board, the utility uses 3 years to do an exploration on another force age plant.â

Different Topics That You Should Use For Your Essay

Different Topics That You Should Use For Your EssayWhen you are writing an essay, it is important to know which topics to consider for your topic. This will give you a good foundation to work with when writing your essay and help you to be unique in the area of writing that you are writing about. In this article, we will discuss a few of the most common topics that you can use for your essay.One of the first things that you will want to do is think about what type of subjects you want to write about and what you want to talk about as far as public policy is concerned. Although you should be interested in writing about topics within your area of interest, there is no rule that states that all topics must involve subjects that are related to your particular field of interest. One of the most common topics that people choose to write about is health care and they will use subjects like government regulation, reimbursement rates, and cost of medical care.Another one of the most popular t opics that people choose to write about is religion. Many students choose to write about their religion and their belief system when writing an essay, and they may also choose to talk about what the religion says about death and dying. One of the other topics that are also very popular is to write about someone's religion or faith.Although not all people are interested in writing about political issues, it is always a good idea to talk about them when writing an essay. Political issues that are of importance to your reader are issues like government spending, deficit spending, and how much our taxes are costing us. You should also make sure that you state your opinion on these issues because some people are afraid that they will offend someone by speaking out their mind.The next section of these very interesting topics is the local community. This is where you will talk about different things that have been going on in your local community. While discussing these topics, you should remember to include opinions and insights that you have to offer and the only way that you will get past a peer group is if you do have an opinion on the matter.One thing that you might want to talk about is the works of famous authors. This could be the main topic of your essay or you may want to focus on a specific author or the theme of the book. If you are interested in this topic, you will want to make sure that you have a couple of ideas that you can use as reference to add to your essay.One last topic that is very interesting topics is the military. Although you will want to make sure that you do not directly mention any of the military branches or the United States armed forces when writing your essay, you should still make sure that you talk about the military in a general sense. You should also make sure that you do not use the military or the armed forces as a joke to humor the reader.Before you get too excited about writing an essay, you should take the time to really st udy up on what are the types of topics that you should write about. You want to make sure that you give your essay the best possible chance that it can get in order to get past all of your peers and make it through the writing process as fast as possible. Take your time and make sure that you understand each topic that you choose so that you can help yourself and your reader to have a clear understanding of the subject matter.

Major General Joseph Hooker in the Civil War

Significant General Joseph Hooker in the Civil War Conceived November 13, 1814, at Hadley, MA, Joseph Hooker was the child of nearby storekeeper Joseph Hooker and Mary Seymour Hooker. Raised locally, his family originated from old New England stock and his granddad had filled in as a commander during the American Revolution. In the wake of accepting his initial training at Hopkins Academy, he chose to seek after a military profession. With the help of his mom and his educator, Hooker had the option to pick up the consideration of Representative George Grennell who gave an arrangement to the United State Military Academy. Showing up at West Point in 1833, Hookers cohorts included Braxton Bragg, Jubal A. Early, John Sedgwick, and John C. Pemberton. Progressing through the educational program, he demonstrated a normal understudy and graduated four years after the fact positioned 29th in a class of 50. Authorized as a second lieutenant in the first US Artillery, he was sent to Florida to battle in the Second Seminole War. While there, the regiment partook in a few minor commitment and needed to suffer difficulties from the atmosphere and condition. Mexico With the start of the Mexican-American War in 1846, Hooker was alloted to the staff of Brigadier General Zachary Taylor. Participating in the attack of upper east Mexico, he got a brevet advancement to chief for his exhibition at the Battle of Monterrey. Moved to the military of Major General Winfield Scott, he participated in the attack of Veracruz and the battle against Mexico City. Again filling in as a staff official, he reliably showed coolness enduring an onslaught. Over the span of the development, he got extra brevet advancements to major and lieutenant colonel. An attractive youthful official, Hooker started to build up a notoriety for being a women man while in Mexico and was regularly alluded to as the Handsome Captain by local people. Between the Wars In the months after the war, Hooker had a dropping out with Scott. This was the aftereffect of Hooker supporting Major General Gideon Pillow against Scott at the formers court-military. The case saw Pillow blamed for defiance following refusal to overhaul misrepresented after-activity reports and afterward sending letters to the New Orleans Delta. As Scott was the US Armys senior general, Hookers activities had long haul negative ramifications for his vocation and he left the administration in 1853. Settling in Sonoma, CA, he started functioning as an engineer and rancher. Directing 550-section of land ranch, Hooker developed cordwood with constrained achievement. Progressively discontent with these interests, Hooker went to drinking and betting. He likewise took a stab at governmental issues however was vanquished trying to run for the state council. Tired of non military personnel life, Hooker applied to Secretary of War John B. Floyd in 1858 and requested to be reestablished as a lieutenant colonel. This solicitation was denied and his military exercises were constrained to a colonelcy in the California local army. An outlet for his military yearnings, he directed its first place to stay in Yuba County. The Civil War Begins With the flare-up of the Civil War, Hooker ended up coming up short on target to travel east. Marked by a companion, he made the excursion and promptly offered his administrations to the Union. His underlying endeavors were rebuked and he had to watch the First Battle of Bull Run as an observer. In the wake of the destruction, he composed an enthusiastic letter to President Abraham Lincoln and was designated as a brigadier general of volunteers in August 1861. Rapidly moving from detachment to division order, he supported Major General George B. McClellan in arranging the new Army of the Potomac. With the start of the Peninsula Campaign in mid 1862, he directed the second Division, III Corps. Progressing up the Peninsula, Hookers division participated in the Siege of Yorktown in April and May. During the attack, he earned a notoriety for taking care of his men and seeing to their government assistance. Performing great at the Battle of Williamsburg on May 5, Hooker was elevated to significant general viable that date however he felt insulted by his bosses after activity report.â Battling Joe It was during his time on the Peninsula that Hooker earned the moniker Fighting Joe. Loathed by Hooker who thought it made him sound like a typical criminal, the name was the consequence of a typographical blunder in a Northern paper. In spite of the Union inverts during the Seven Days Battles in June and July, Hooker proceeded with sparkle on the combat zone. Moved north to Major General John Popes Army of Virginia, his men participated in the Union annihilation at Second Manassas in late August. On September 6, he was provided order of III Corps, which was redesignated I Corps six days after the fact. As General Robert E. Dregs Army of Northern Virginia moved north into Maryland, it was sought after by Union soldiers under McClellan. Hooker previously drove his corps fighting on September 14 when it battled well at South Mountain. After three days, his men opened the facing at the Conflict of Antietam and drew in Confederate soldiers under Major General Thomas Stonewall Jackson. Throughout the battling, Hooker was injured in the foot and must be taken from the field. Recuperating from his injury, he came back to the military to locate that Major General Ambrose Burnside had supplanted McClellan. Provided order of a Grand Division comprising of III and V Corps, his men took substantial misfortunes that December at the Battle of Fredericksburg. Long a vocal pundit of his bosses, Hooker steadily assaulted Burnside in the press and in the wake of the latters bombed Mud March in January 1863 these strengthened. In spite of the fact that Burnside planned to expel his foe, he was kept from doing so when he himself was mitigated by Lincoln on January 26. In Command To supplant Burnside, Lincoln went to Hooker because of his notoriety for forceful battling and decided to neglect the officers history of straightforwardness and hard living. Expecting order of the Army of the Potomac, Hooker worked energetically to improve the conditions for his men and improve assurance. These were generally effective and he was popular with his officers. Hookers plan for the spring required a huge scope mounted force attack to upset the Confederate gracefully lines while he took the military on a general flanking walk to strike Lees position at Fredericksburg in the back. While the rangers attack was to a great extent a disappointment, Hooker prevailing with regards to astounding Lee and increased an early preferred position in the Battle of Chancellorsville. Despite the fact that effective, Hooker started to lose his nerve as the fight proceeded and accepted an undeniably protective stance. Taken in the flank by a daring assault by Jackson on May 2, Hooker was constrained back. The following day, at the tallness of the battling, he was harmed when the column he was inclining toward was struck by a cannonball. At first thumped oblivious, he was debilitated the vast majority of the day yet wouldn't surrender order. Recuperating, he was constrained to withdraw back over the Rappahannock River. Having vanquished Hooker, Lee started moving north to attack Pennsylvania. Coordinated to screen Washington and Baltimore, Hooker followed however he originally proposed a strike on Richmond. Moving north, he got into a disagreement about guarded game plans at Harpers Ferry with Washington and incautiously offered his renunciation in fight. Having progressively lost trust in Hooker, Lincoln acknowledged and selected Major General George G. Meade to supplant him. Meade would lead the military to triumph at Gettysburg a couple of days after the fact. Goes West In the wake of Gettysburg, Hooker was moved west to the Army of the Cumberland alongside the XI and XII Corps. Serving under Major General Ulysses S. Award, he immediately recaptured his notoriety for being a powerful officer at the Battle of Chattanooga. During these tasks, his men won the Battle of Lookout Mountain on November 23 and participated in the bigger battling two days after the fact. In April 1864, XI and XII Corps were united into XX Corps under Hookers order. Serving in the Army of the Cumberland, XX Corps performed well during Major General William T. Shermans drive against Atlanta. On July 22, the authority of the Army of the Tennessee, Major General James McPherson, was murdered at the Battle of Atlanta and supplanted by Major General Oliver O. Howard. This exasperated Hooker as he was senior and censured Howard for the annihilation at Chancellorsville. Bids to Sherman were futile and Hooker requested to be alleviated. Leaving Georgia, he was provided order of the Northern Department for the rest of the war. Later Life Following the war, Hooker stayed in the military. He resigned in 1868 as a significant general subsequent to enduring a stroke that left him halfway deadened. Subsequent to spending quite a bit of his resigned life around New York City, he passed on October 31, 1879, while visiting Garden City, NY. He was covered at Spring Grove Cemetery in his wifes, Olivia Groesbeck, old neighborhood of Cincinnati, OH. Despite the fact that known for his hard drinking and wild way of life, the greatness of Hookers individual adventures is a subject of much discussion among his biographers.

Three Things

by Woody Robertson Nearing the end of my high school years, I was struck with the reality that I had too many interests and very little understanding of where I should focus. My relatives and friends kept asking the dreaded question, â€Å"So, Woody, what are you going to do when you grow up?† to which I made up answers I thought would impress, like, â€Å"I’m going to be an attorney.† At age 18, the thought of choosing a college major and career track completely overwhelmed me. A recent Gallup study found that 68% of people are not engaged in their work. Did you know that statistically, heart attacks happen most frequently on Mondays, the day people go back to work? Many people spend their entire life working in areas that are uninspiring to them. They exchange their life for a paycheck and as a result, live frustrating lives. Take the time to understand where you’re headed early. You’ll have a better chance of getting on the right track than when you’re mid-career with a family to support. Here are three practical steps my parents encouraged me toward in high school which, looking back twenty years later, clearly shaped my life: Take an aptitude assessment like the Strong ® Interest Inventory, StrengthsQuestâ„ ¢, or Navigate Purpose Discovery. Consider a gap year of interning, non-profit work, and traveling the world. This helped me gain tremendous life and career experiences before investing heavily in a college degree. Connect with a mentor, someone you respect who can provide perspective and feedback. Look for someone in your community or church you can ask questions of and who can impart wisdom in your life. At Lumerit/CollegePlus, we place a strong emphasis on helping students discover their life purpose. This is the idea that if you follow your God-given natural giftings and passions, you will find fulfillment. Developing an awareness now of who you are and where you’re going is key to your success and future. Join Woody Robertson and Andrew Pudewa for a free webinar:Strategies for Maximizing the High School YearsMonday, June 13, 7:30PM CDT For Parents and Teachers of Teens Click here to register.

Globalization Is Not An Irreversible Process - 1502 Words

Globalization has become a clichà © in everyday habit, the idea is not new. The initial trend of globalization took place between 1870 and 1914. This was triggered by a combination of falling costs in transportation and a reduction in trade barriers, which opened up the possibility for a productive use of land .This wave of globalization ground to a halt in 1914. Despite unprecedented growth in the economy and the reduction in poverty, the impact of globalization on inequality within countries deepened due to incompetent economic policies, unemployment, and social instability. In fact, this worsened the global depression and led to sharply reduced trade, plunging output, and pervasive unemployment. This is a standing proof that globalization is not an irreversible process as global economic integration clearly took several steps backwards during this period. Most developing countries were isolated from this and concentrated on exporting primary commodities and pursuing inward orient ed policies. The Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development economies surged with unprecedented growth rates. Within most OECD countries there was a modest trend towards greater equality, aided by social welfare policies and programmes. We first explore the meanings of globalization and its associations and in doing so, the term ‘globalization’ is used in a broader and more general context to incorporate the cultural, political and technological as well as the economicShow MoreRelatedGlobalization : The Basic And Base Concept Of Globalization2007 Words   |  9 Pagesdifferences between the basic and base concept of globalization. The author will examine and critically assess the concept of globalization. Is globalization irreversible? This paper agrees with the economist that Globalisation is irreversible mainly because the interdependence of nations in terms of trade, cultural diffusion, economic interdependency. What is globalisation? According to Morrison (2006) Globalization refers to the broadening of the process by which products, people and companies are ableRead MoreGlobalization Causes Poverty Essay792 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to J.H. Mittelman, globalization is a historical transformation in economy and cultural diversity. Globalization is the idea of making the world act like one huge country. Globalization affects this world and the people in this world in many ways. Globalization affects the economic status of a country. It has indeed weakened the position of poor countries and exposed poor people to harmful competition. Globalization is the strategy of liberation that becomes an economic nightmareRead MoreGlobalization Brings Opportunities And Challenges1394 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst time that you hear about what is called globalization, but you have never thought what does it exactly means and what are its elements because it is not easy to be defined .In a brief summary, Three main elements are involved in the process of globalization which are the people, companies, and governments of different countries in which they unite or collaborate together to be able to trade different objects or materials internationally. This process is well known for its effects on our environmentRead MoreWhy Globalization Is a Threat to International Business1302 Words   |  5 PagesMany see globalization as an opportunity for international business, but it is clearly a threat. The expression globalisation has obtained impressive emotive energy. Some perspective it as a process that is advantageous a key to future world investment improvement and likewise inexorable and irreversible. Others respect it with danger, even fear, accepting that it builds favouritism inside and between countries, debilitates business and living measures and defeats social advancement. This shortRead MoreEssay on The Industrial Revolution1326 Words   |  6 PagesFinal Project From the beginning of the Industrial Revolution to the present day, the structure and culture of the American workplace have been affected by many forces, among them capitalism, technology, globalization, and issues of equality. Describe these forces in detail and analyze their impact on the structure and culture workplace. Capitalism Capitalism is an economic system that is based on the private ownership of capital or the means of production and the creation of goods and servicesRead MoreGlobalization Has A Strong Emotional Charge1497 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization that offers great chances of achieving genuinely global development is progressing irregularly. Some countries integrate into the global economy faster than others. In those that have been able to integrate, growth is stronger and poverty decreases. As a result of outward-looking policies, the East Asian countries, which were among the poorest in the world forty years ago, have for the most part become dynamic and prosperous. As the standard of living in these countries increased, theyRead MoreEthical Leadership in 21st Century Global Organizations1711 Words   |  7 Pageswill demonstrate, there is a distinct ethical complexity to this adaptation. Synthesis of ideas: Indeed, this is the focus of the series of ideas expressed within our literature. Here, researchers acknowledge that the inception and rise of globalization, has altered the way that 21st century businesses compete. With the continued dismantling of trade obstacles between borders and across oceans, the dynamics of the global economy have become increasingly inextricable. This carries with it, theRead MoreGlobalization of the Economy1729 Words   |  7 PagesEconomic globalization has voluminous positive influences on international security as well. The most important effect of economic globalization is that it curbs the authority of state. It also reduces states’ dependence on military based security and ultimately reduces states’ monopoly on security. This effect is considered by many, a prime factor contributing towards peace and stability. There are number of factors associated with economic globalization which affects states authority. FirstlyRead MoreGlobalization: The Big Friendly Giant Essay1458 Words   |  6 Pagesinto contact with globalization. We are all active members of this web, and we are the fuel it needs to work to perfection. This web needs employers and employees, it needs people in need and people willing to help, and it needs members of different cultures and societies. It needs you. Whether it was by flying on an airplane, traveling to a foreign country, or simply by buying medicine, you are contributing to the unstoppable giant known as globalization. To understand globalization it is necessaryRead MoreGlobalization as a Process1744 Words   |  7 Pagesinto contact with globalization. We are all active members of this web, and we are the fuel it needs to work to perfection. This web needs employers and employees, it needs people in need and people willing to help, and it needs members of different cultures and societies. It needs you. Whether it was by flying on an airplane, traveling to a foreign country, or simply by buying medicine, you are contributing to the unstoppable giant known as globalization. To understand globalization it is necessary

Relational Databases For An Efficient Data Management And...

1 Introduction Since 1960 and beyond the need for an efficient data management and retrieval of data has always been an issue due to the growing need in business and academia. To resolve these issues a number of databases models have been created. Relational databases allow data storage, retrieval and manipulation using a standard Structured Query Language (SQL). Until now, relational databases were an optimal enterprise storage choice. However, with an increase in growth of stored and analyzed data, relational databases have displayed a variety of limitations. The limitations of scalability, storage and efficiency of queries due to the large volumes of data [1] [2]. In order to overcome these limitations, a new database model known as Not Only SQL (NoSQL) database emerged with a set of new features. The main objective of NoSQL is not to discard SQL, but to be used as an alternative database data model for new features [1] [2] [3]. NoSQL database increases the performance of relational databases by a set of new characteristics and advantages. In contrast to relational databases, NoSQL databases introduced an additional feature that provides flexible and horizontal scalability and taking advantage of new clusters. The rise of NoSQL provides cost-effective management of data in modern web applications. With its new features, NoSQL can be used with applications that have a large transaction, and require low-latency access to huge datasets, service availability whileShow MoreRelatedRelational Database Design And The No Sql Model As The Preferred Basis Of The New Application935 Words   |  4 Pagesuse of relational database design versus the no-SQL model as the preferred basis of the new application. The requirements to consider are: 1. Intensive Usage – Facebook has millions of users worldwide and produce billions of transactions. 2. Growth of the application is expected to be 10% per annum. 3.2 Definitions It is important to look at the key characteristics of these two different models in order to understand the conclusions of this report. 3.2.1 Relational Database ManagementRead MoreRelational Database Management Systems ( Rdbms )1104 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Nowadays, data is being generated by multiple sources around us at an alarming rate, be it sensors, in the form of social media communications or mobile devices. It has become an important part of an organization, Such data is called big data and the insights from big data can help examine trends, understand customer preferences and help the organizations take better decisions which results in better customer service and effective marketing. Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS)Read MoreITEC 610 Assingement 1 Essay1438 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween XML and databases ECET610 UMUC Abstract This paper will explore the relationship between XML and databases and the way that they can be leveraged to provide data exchange on the internet. As XML gains popularity as the format for exchanging information via the internet and has become the language of choice for use in database development for Internet use.Introduction XML is a universal data standard and thereby does not need to be translated for use in different database systems. This isRead MoreComputer Is The Security And Reliability801 Words   |  4 Pagesabout hardware resources is the Database. A database can be simply defined as the information storing space of the computing device where the user data resides. The data can be of any kind like media files, documents, and software applications or even the Operating systems itself are accommodated in the database. This database can be remotely attached to the computing centers using secured communication channels. The major challenge one could find in remote databases is the security and reliabilityRead MoreDatabase Analysis : Database Management System933 Words   |  4 PagesA database could be as simple as an alphabetical arrangement of names in an address book or as complex as a database that provides information in a combination of formats. For example a library can be considered a database because a library stores books therefore it is a database of books. But computer databases collect information and organize such to enable efficient retrieval in formats such as electronically, graphically, audibly, statistically or physically; printed on paper. Computers processRead MoreWhat Is A Relational Database. â€Å"A Relational Database Is1173 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is a Relational Database â€Å"A relational database is a collection of data items organized as a set of formally-described tables from which data can be accessed or reassembled in many different ways without having to reorganize the database tables. It was invented by E.F. Codd in 1970.† (TechTarget, 2006) A simpler definition of a relational database is a self-describing group of related tables. There are three ways to modify a table. We can insert a record, delete one, or update a recordRead MoreDescribing Storing Data from Dbms1240 Words   |  5 PagesStoring Data In DBMS (Traditional Models) Introduction A computer database relies upon software to organize the storage of data. This software is known as a database management system (DBMS). Database management systems are categorized according to the database model that they support. The model tends to determine the query languages that are available to access the database. A great deal of the internal engineering of a DBMS, however, is independent of the data modelRead MoreHistory of Database Technology1401 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Database Technology Past and Present The term database was popularized with the growth of the computer industry and is typically thought of as software used to store, index, manipulate, and retrieve information (Vaughn). Database software has been in use since the Census Bureau used a punch card system to meet the requirements for the collection, sorting, and reporting of data for the 1890 census (National Research Council). These earliest databases were flat file databases. The flat-fileRead MoreManaging And Securing Unstructured Data1417 Words   |  6 Pagesregards to unstructured data. Firstly understanding what unstructured data is of primary importance before trying to handle it. In simple terms unstructured data can be understood as data that can’t be stored in the form of rows and columns. It can be anything including email files, text documents, presentations, image and video files. Studies carried out by IDC and EMC forecasts that data will grow to 40 zettabyes (1 ZB = 1 billion TB). As of now more than 80% of all stored data in organizations isRead MoreRequirements Needed To Build a Database for the Scheduling Process1158 Words   |  5 PagesRequirements Needed To Build a Database for the Scheduling Process Building a database system for organizational scheduling is necessary in a busy and a large organization. Database system has mechanisms to regulate data entry, storage, manipulation and data use within an organization. The database system is composed of the hardware, database procedures, data manipulation as well as database functions to help in building an efficient database for the organization. The organization should use Microsoft

Technologies in Psychological Sciences

Question: Discuss about the Technologies in Psychological Sciences. Answer: Introduction The scientific investigation of human cognition incorporating new technologies in psychological sciences is referred to cognitive psychology. Cognitive psychologists tend to know the process of mental abilities such as thinking, perceiving, learning, and reasoning, and to know how people acquire and apply information (Galotti 2013). Experiments in this area are related to stimulus and response. Cognitive psychologists accept scientific methods (Block 2014). This is a broad area and requires the psychologists to research a broad arena of research topics. The assignment intends to discuss the validity of the statement Cognitive Psychologists prefer experimental method over other research methods to study cognitive processes. The assignment provides a background to cognitive processes and gives evidence of using experimental method to study different cognitive processes. Further, examples from different research studies conducted in this area are presented. Other ideas and examples of r esearch methods used by the psychologists such as case studies, interviews to study the cognitive process are highlighted in the paper. The methods, which are prominent in the study of cognition, are discussed and analysed in the assignment. Background of the study of cognitive processes Many cognitive psychologists prefer and use quantitative research methodsfor studying the process of cognition. Experimental designs are used to study cognitive processes for example the effect of noise on the mathematical efficiency. These methods include both control and experimental groups in their research studies. Mental functions are studied via psychological experimentation and involve indirect methods such as reasoning. It helps in understanding the behaviour influencing factors (). Based on the observations of visible actions the researcher makes conclusions. In experimental research methods, there is a benefit of altering the manipulated factorsin a desired way. Numerous modern approaches have been developed in cognitive psychology based on the experimental studies. It led to development of various empirical methods and its verification over time. The results obtained have helped in finding of enhanced approaches in the field of psychology. According to Galotti (2013) behav iour can be understood by meditational processes such as attention, perception, as they mediate between the stimulus and response. Therefore, the behaviourist approach cannot be used to study the internal behaviour or measure objectively without knowing persons mind. Hence, cognitive approaches use laboratory experiments the method of introspection, memory psychology, interviews, case studies, observations and computer modelling. Reed (2012) described that cognitive neuropsychology explained cognitive dysfunction by using existing theories. It uses distinct methods such as Qualitative analysis of behaviour, Neuropsychological test batteries, Group and single-case studies. Introspection method developed by Wundt, was one of the early methodologies used in the cognitive psychology to study the elements of perception. These methods provide valuable insights (Fiske and Taylor 2013). The interview method used by Piaget and Kohlberg on the other hand involves social interaction. These methods include asking different set of questions to different vulnerable groups in formal, informal or in structured manner (Bryman 2015). Cognitive psychologists also use observational and systematic studies to reveal different cognitive abilities in human. For example, Jean Piaget have undertaken detailed observational studies including series of ingenious tests to reveal childs cognitive development. In quasi-experimental study designs, the investigator studies the naturally occurring groups. The researcher can take separate groups of men and women to study their mathematical performance without being able to manipulate their sex (Kane et al. 2016). Using the correlational research methods, the cognitive psychologists can for example hypothesise a positive relation between IQ scores and working memory capacity. Cognitive psychologists use this method as it eliminates the drawbacks associated with the random assignment of participants (Lachman et al. 2015). According to Lin et al. (2016) some cognitive psychologists prefer psychobiological research methods to identify the relationship between the cognition and the brain's structures and activities. With the help of the post-mortem studies, the brains of normal individuals can be compared with those having cognitive deficits. Animal studies are high used as it is difficult to probe the living human brains. In one such Nobel-prize w inning research method, cat brain was inserted with microelectrodes to record the electrical activity of the visual cortex cells (Einevoll et al. 2013). Further, with the development of computing techniques, the computational modeling today presents a useful method of studying cognitive functions. With magnetic resonance imaging and similar other methods such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), the study of brain structures and active areas have become easy for researchers (Laureiro?Martnez et al. 2015). It was evident from the study of Johnson and Busemeyer (2016) that cognitive psychologists conduct Process-tracing studiesto record the focus of attention of the participants across time. For example in protocol analysis the subject is asked to continually think out loud as if working on some task. Later the researcher records and transcribes the verbalizations followed by its coding and analysis. Such studies have been found to indicate the complexity of participants thought.Other similar methods include computer mouse tracking, eye movement tracking, and diaries (Siegler 2016). The study executed by Saxe (2015) highlighted that many cognitive psychologists used case studies for intensely investigating the individuals having cognitive deficits or any exceptional abilities. These studies were useful in identifying the inability to form new memories. For example the famous case study of Henry Gustav Molaison (1926-2008), who participated in various research studies after losing the ab ility to form new memories following a brain operation to relieve epilepsy. Other research methods used in cognitive psychology are observing subjects in real-life settings where they may be covert or aware. This method offcourse involves ethical considerations. Sternberg and Sternberg (2016) described that in cognitive psychology, the aspects of human psychology are imitated using computer simulations an artificial intelligences. It makes use of particular theory in computer program which if produces output resembling human responses confirms that coherence and plausibility of the theory. Discussion Newport (2016) highlighted that laboratory experiments are preferred by the cognitive psychologists typically to study human behaviour. It is believed that cognitive approach is the scientific one. Rigorous and strict laboratory investigations have helped in understanding the human mind, and information processing system by shifting away from studying the conditioned behaviour and psychoanalytical notions. This idea of information processing using computer as tool worked as a model for cognitive psychologists to understand how human thought works. In late 1950s this cognitive approach have revolutionised psychology. This computer analogy was based on assumptions that there are series of processing systems that processes the information available from the environment including attention, short-term memory, and others. The information is transformed or altered in systematic manner, by the processing systems. The cognitive psychologists then specify the processes and structures underlyi ng cognitive performance. The human information processing resembles that in computers (Barsalou 2014). The various methods of experimental cognitive psychology (Einevoll et al. 2013) includes- Chronometric methods- reaction times were used to measure brain function such as subtraction method. This helped to analyse the time taken by human to perceive the stimulus and execute the motor response Sternbergs paradigm- introduced the psychology of speed of retrieval from short-term memory. Experimenting with group of people it was found that the reaction time increases linearly as per the number of items held in memory. It concluded that the short-term memory scanning is a serial process. Distractor techniques- helped in identifying how long a subject can hold information and rate of its decay during distraction. Tachistoscopic methods- are interesting tool which provide information on visual memory functions, visualmotor response speed and simple visual sensory acuity while assessing individual patient assessment Dichotic listening research- in this experiment subjects are exposed to 2 different auditory stimuli simultaneously. In each trial the subjects were presented with three pairs of dichotic digits and were allowed to recall. The subjects have damage to either the left or the right temporal lobe. The results indicated an advantage to right ear which reported items presented with greater accuracy Piaget was the first psychologist, who preferred observational studies to measure how children count, solve problems and to know how the idea of time, causality, and number emerged in them. His work was described as genetic epistemology meaning the origin of thinking (Siegler 2016). Based on this studies Piaget has developed various cognitive theories on how children constructs a mental model of the world. Thus, Piaget gave three components of cognitive theory that is schemas, adaptation process, and different stages of development. This has useful educational implications. The ideas of Piaget related to child developmental psychology has enormous influence, which changed the way of communication with children. However, Montello (2016) criticises that cognitive approach ignores biology, and cannot objectively study behaviourism. (MacDonald and Ritvo 2016) argued that the experimental methods for studying cognition have certain drawbacks. While experimenting an artificial environment is set up this may lead to unintentional ignorance of coherences and certain facts. This may be due to suppression of various factors for attaining clarity. The focus of the participant is determined by experimenters instructions and hence the natural factors that are influencing the focus of attention are rarely understood. Pchhacker (2016) also argued that since the mental phenomena are studied in isolation, the experimental setup decouples the aspect at issue from adjacent and interacting mental processes. Therefore, not in real life but in idealised experimental setting the results appear to be valid. Hence, it does not ensure the internal validity. Further, it also includes 30% variance not considering the individual differences. The challenge for future cognitive psychology experiments is to involve the knowledge of individual differences in general studies. Moreover, the introspection method is also subjective and has unscientific nature. This method ran into difficulties because people were themselves unaware of their behaviour and underlying reasons (Reed 2012). The structured interview method was also criticised because close-ended questions lacked details of an individuals particular behaviour. However, the unstructured interview generates valid data with detailed analysis of an individual with specific psychological problem. There is a chance of error during interpretation of group interviews requiring thematic analysis (Bryman 2015). On the other hand, Moran (2016) criticises that the information processingparadigm of cognitive psychology. Although the human mind has resemblance with the computer, the mind does not process information exactly like the computers. The later too does not have emotions like human. The observational studies started by Piaget are also criticised as his concentration on universal stages of biological mat uration and cognitive development fails to consider the effect of culture and social setting. This social interaction method and clinical interviews are subjected to biased interpretation when compared to other research methods (Bryman 2015). Conclusion To perform research in the cognitive science, combining different approaches and methods together is an effective and productive way. It assists to gain an overall picture from the research area comprising the views and ideas from different fields (Block 2014). However, cognitive science is not yet successful in merging different areas together. The report has provided a brief overview of some of the research methods used by the cognitive psychologists. However, every method has some drawbacks. However, the classical experimental methods still present the core approach to testing and developing models of cognitive function. Many breakthroughs in understanding the human cognition was provided by ingenious experimental designs. The aim of the paper was to discuss the validity of the statement Cognitive Psychologists prefer experimental method over other research methods to study cognitive processes. Based on critical analysis, this statement is valid in some but not all cases. The significance of the requirement of sound theoretical background while conducting research in cognitive psychology is well known. There are no words to further emphasise on it importance and particularly in view of using advanced neurophysiological techniques like MRI, PET. Inspite of various methods developed what is known about the brain and cognition is still piecemeal. It is useless to perform imaging without good psychology. There is no point being biased towards one particular research method over others. There is need of careful cooperation and research planning among various fields of cognitive neuroscience. Only this can ensure possibility of future breakthroughs in understanding cognitive psychologists. References Barsalou, L.W., 2014.Cognitive psychology: An overview for cognitive scientists. Psychology Press. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=3kbrAgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Barsalou,+L.W.,+2014.+Cognitive+psychology:+An+overview+for+cognitive+scientists.+Psychology+Press.ots=jdtsq67sTCsig=S8vgz-KJSgA2nPzmQiBCjzan7Ws#v=onepageq=Barsalou%2C%20L.W.%2C%202014.%20Cognitive%20psychology%3A%20An%20overview%20for%20cognitive%20scientists.%20Psychology%20Press.f=false Block, R.A., 2014.Cognitive models of psychological time. Psychology Press. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=18mYAgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Block,+R.A.,+2014.+Cognitive+models+of+psychological+time.+Psychology+Press.ots=DhhdGK6QMssig=h0cz-8vdH1TmwD0uZFNhTokKLrM#v=onepageqf=false Bryman, A., 2015.Social research methods. Oxford university press. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=N2zQCgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Bryman,+A.,+2015.+Social+research+methods.+Oxford+university+press.ots=dnQtGUL5sdsig=HqFBxgP1LcURINclwlkPvM9Ugm8#v=onepageq=Bryman%2C%20A.%2C%202015.%20Social%20research%20methods.%20Oxford%20university%20press.f=false Einevoll, G.T., Kayser, C., Logothetis, N.K. and Panzeri, S., 2013. Modelling and analysis of local field potentials for studying the function of cortical circuits.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,14(11), pp.770-785. https://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v14/n11/abs/nrn3599.html Fiske, S.T. and Taylor, S.E., 2013.Social cognition: From brains to culture. Sage. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=uVJdBAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Fiske,+S.T.+and+Taylor,+S.E.,+2013.+Social+cognition:+From+brains+to+culture.+Sage.ots=2emYRZQQ-Tsig=H4cX_fBunyGyZWr8eh3dJU7aXj8#v=onepageq=Fiske%2C%20S.T.%20and%20Taylor%2C%20S.E.%2C%202013.%20Social%20cognition%3A%20From%20brains%20to%20culture.%20Sage.f=false Galotti, K.M., 2013.Cognitive psychology in and out of the laboratory. SAGE. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=4_dH0ur--ecCoi=fndpg=PR1dq=Galotti,+K.M.,+2013.+Cognitive+psychology+in+and+out+of+the+laboratory.+SAGE.ots=B3zz2TUOgLsig=Q6YXI_S0Mx6TgwNBNMW0zfJgBAY#v=onepageqf=false Johnson, J.G. and Busemeyer, J.R., 2016. A Computational Model of the Attention Process in Risky Choice. https://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2016-07238-001/ Kane, M.J., Meier, M.E., Smeekens, B.A., Gross, G.M., Chun, C.A., Silvia, P.J. and Kwapil, T.R., 2016. Individual differences in the executive control of attention, memory, and thought, and their associations with schizotypy.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,145(8), p.1017. https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/xge/145/8/1017/ Lachman, R., Lachman, J.L. and Butterfield, E.C., 2015.Cognitive psychology and information processing: An introduction. Psychology Press. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=OCVACwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=+Lachman,+R.,+Lachman,+J.L.+and+Butterfield,+E.C.,+2015.+Cognitive+psychology+and+information+processing:+An+introduction.+Psychology+Press.ots=OKvKxURtCPsig=U8KrsuA6L5LjVclAOatb3GRf2OE#v=onepageq=Lachman%2C%20R.%2C%20Lachman%2C%20J.L.%20and%20Butterfield%2C%20E.C.%2C%202015.%20Cognitive%20psychology%20and%20information%20processing%3A%20An%20introduction.%20Psychology%20Press.f=false Laureiro?Martnez, D., Brusoni, S., Canessa, N. and Zollo, M., 2015. Understanding the explorationexploitation dilemma: An fMRI study of attention control and decision?making performance.Strategic Management Journal,36(3), pp.319-338. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.2221/full Lin, Y., Durbin, J.M. and Rancer, A.S., 2016. Math Anxiety, Need for Cognition, and Learning Strategies in Quantitative Communication Research Methods Courses.Communication Quarterly, pp.1-20. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01463373.2015.1103294 MacDonald, S.E. and Ritvo, S., 2016. Comparative Cognition Outside the Laboratory.Comparative Cognition Behavior Reviews,11. https://comparative-cognition-and-behavior-reviews.org/2016/vol11_macdonald_ritvo/ Montello, D.R., 2016. Behavioral Methods for Spatial Cognition Research.Research Methods for Environmental Psychology, p.161. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=vJqLBgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PA161dq=Behavioral+Methods+for+Spatial+Cognition+Researchots=hPGDKsBdfFsig=udJ33XAOqUgRxAz3bPOvelzlJoo#v=onepageq=Behavioral%20Methods%20for%20Spatial%20Cognition%20Researchf=false Moran, A.P., 2016.The psychology of concentration in sport performers: A cognitive analysis. Psychology Press. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=9-t5CwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Moran,+A.P.,+2016.+The+psychology+of+concentration+in+sport+performers:+A+cognitive+analysis.+Psychology+Press.ots=PW0xPV6lz-sig=56y7bsHKuscG715dSAtRe6NmP8g#v=onepageqf=false Newport, E.L., 2016. Statistical language learning: Computational, maturational, and linguistic constraints.Language and Cognition,8(03), pp.447-461. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-and-cognition/article/div-classtitlestatistical-language-learning-computational-maturational-and-linguistic-constraintsdiv/9C82FE9C02675DCA6E02A1B26F6251AF Pchhacker, F., 2016.Introducing interpreting studies. Routledge. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=j3xwCwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=+P%C3%B6chhacker,+F.,+2016.+Introducing+interpreting+studies.+Routledge.ots=3jCEs-fk9osig=yv-LaZVS2cHx7TLyN-wnOYtSxYw#v=onepageq=P%C3%B6chhacker%2C%20F.%2C%202016.%20Introducing%20interpreting%20studies.%20Routledge.f=false Reed, S.K., 2012.Cognition: Theories and applications. CENGAGE learning. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=ma0KAAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=.+Cognition:+Theories+and+applications.+CENGAGE+learningots=DK_F8GN4p8sig=A45W0Ok-yDpBAUWI53cDN31zboA#v=onepageq=.%20Cognition%3A%20Theories%20and%20applications.%20CENGAGE%20learningf=false Saxe, G.B., 2015.Culture and cognitive development: Studies in mathematical understanding. Psychology Press. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=VUxsBgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=.+Saxe,+G.B.,+2015.+Culture+and+cognitive+development:+Studies+in+mathematical+understanding.+Psychology+Press.ots=t22nLQQFx2sig=tzE97XNdY99m8B9Jy4yYFI5Nfl4#v=onepageqf=false Siegler, R.S., 2016. Continuity and change in the field of cognitive development and in the perspectives of one cognitive developmentalist.Child Development Perspectives,10(2), pp.128-133. https://www.psy.cmu.edu/~siegler/earlybird-Siegler16.pdf Sternberg, R. and Sternberg, K., 2016.Cognitive psychology. Nelson Education.